Table of contents
Contents
First Information and Tutorials
Here are the first information to start managing with our Hydrological Model GEOtop.
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Before running this steps, be sure you have a GEOtop executable, that means you have already read and followed the instructions written in DownLoad and HowToCompile pages.
GEOtop Manuals
Although in this site there are stored some information about the first use of GEOtop, maybe you want to download all the GEOtop Manuals where you will find a lot of theorical and technical information about our distributed hydrological model. Available Manuals and tutorials:
GEOtop Manual: the official manual for the 0.875 version, which contains the description of the model, theorical information and descriptions of output and input data and files.
JGrass for GEOtop, JGrass for GEOtop english version: the tutorial for preparing spatial and geographical input data needed by the GEOtop hydrological model, using the amazing JGrass 2.0 GIS. JGrass is a free, multi platform, open source GIS based on the famous GIS Grass, developed in Java by the Hydrologis group. You can find an on-line tutorial of the GIS JGrass at this link: JGrass on-line tutorial.
Horton Manual: the manual containing theorical information about all the hydrological and geomorphological routines.
Sample Data Set
There is the possibility to download a sample dataset to run GEOtop. If you downloaded the source code following the instructions provided in the DownLoad page, you already downloaded this files in the /DOCUMENTATION/inputexample directory. If you want to download only the raw dataset from a CVS weekly generated snapshot, click on the following link:
input_0875.zip for GEOtop 0.875 version;
input_075.zip for the old GEOtop 0.75 version;
Data Requirements
1. Meteorological data strictly necessary to run the model coming from 1 or more stations. Data must have at least an hourly time step and they must be relative to the analyzed period of the event and at least 2 months before the event.
- Hourly data of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, solar shortwave incoming radiation (recommended).
- Detailed lists of every single station (geographic coordinates of the station and used system referement, technical characteristics of the station).
2. Optional meterological data
- Cloud cover of the sky (covered fraction of the sky from clouds, is sufficient the every day data) or insolation hours.
- Atmospheric pressure
- Net Radiation
- Snow cover depth
3. Distributed data necessary to run the model:
- Digital elevations model (DEM) georeferenced, of the river basin.
- Land use map of the river basin, with classification of: urban areas, forests, bare soil, agriculture, pasture.
4. Optional distributed data (if not available come estimates to you from literature):
- Canopy height maps and ground roughness (in terms of medium height of buildings and vegetation).
- Geologic composition of the soil: fraction of cliff organic sand-clay-material - density of the soil, other soil properties available.
- Soil depht (the depth of the bedrock).
- Hydraulic soil conductivity profiles in representative points to estimate correctly of the medium values for litotypes.
- Information on vegetation: tipology, density, height; NDVI and LAI maps, seasonally variable.
5. Available soil properties field data
- Results of laboratory analysis on land:
- Residual water content,
- Water to saturation content,
- horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity
- Angle of friction and cohesion.
- Available profiles of soil water content and hydraulic head:
- soil moisture TDR time series
- tensiometer observations
- piezometers observations
6. Available micro meteorological field data to validate the model
- Evapotranspiration and surface fluxes observations:
- Eddy correlations towers observations of sensible and latent heat fluxes
- Bowen Ratio observations.
- Ground heat flux observations.
- Soil temperature observations.
7. Distributed remote sensing data to validate the model
- Soil moisture b. Surface brightness temperature c. NDVI e. Snow cover
8. Stream-flow to validate runoff production.
Dati richiesti per lo Studio di fenomeni franosi attraverso i modelli GeoTop, GeoTop-SF e PeakFlow
Si suddividono i dati richiesti in necessari ed opzionali, tenendo comunque in conto che un maggiore dettaglio nei dati di input equivale ad un equivalente grado di precisione dei risultati.
1. Dati meteorologici strettamente necessari per il funzionamento dei modelli provenienti da 1 o più stazioni. Le stazioni devono necessariamente essere localizzate in prossimità del bacino oggetto di studio ed in particolare entro una distanza minima di 20 km. I dati devono avere almeno cadenza oraria e devono essere relativi al periodo dell'evento analizzato ed ad almeno 6 mesi prima dell'evento:
- dati orari di temperatura dell'aria, umidità relativa, velocità del vento, radiazione solare, precipitazione.
- Specifiche di ogni singola stazione (coordinate geografiche della stazione e sistema di riferimento usato, caratteristiche tecniche della stazione)
2. Dati metereologici opzionali
- Copertura del cielo (frazione coperta del cielo dalle nubi, sufficiente il dato giornaliero).
- Pressione atmosferica
- Radiazione solare netta
- Altezza del manto nevoso
3. Dati distribuiti necessari:
- Modello digitale delle elevazioni del terreno (DEM) georeferenziato del bacino.
- Carta dell'uso del suolo del bacino (derivata anche da analisi fotogrammetrica), comprendente una classificazione dello stesso in: zone urbane, foreste, suolo nudo, suolo adibito ad agricoltura, suolo adibito a pascolo. In particolare per il suolo nudo si richiede di distinguere le zone rocciose da quelle coperte sedimento mobile.
4. Dati distribuiti opzionali (che diventano altresì necessari in funzione del risultato richiesto):
- Dati di piovosità volti a descrivere le curve di possibilità climatica del bacino (si considerano i dati della stazione pluviometrica pi vicina). Tali dati devono essere i massimi annuali (per una serie di almeno 30 anni di dati) relativi a diverse durate orarie e giornaliere.
- Ortofoto a colori e Carta Tecnica aggiornate:
- nel caso in cui si renda necessaria una Fotointerpretazione del fenomeno di studio, sono richieste foto aeree precedenti, distribuite nel tempo con intervalli di almeno 10 anni. Un minimo di 3 foto deve essere garantito per una corretta interpretazione.
- Indagini sul/nel terreno:
- Carotaggi distribuiti all'interno del bacino in funzione della morfologia e della composizione stessa del terreno. L'individuazione dei siti adatti alle indagini andrà effettuata tenendo in considerazione anche e soprattutto la raggiungibilità del sito e l'effettiva necessità del dato. Dai carotaggi si dovranno produrre, a seguito di analisi in laboratorio:
- le curve granulometriche per ogni substrato;
- la conducibilità idraulica verticale ed orizzontale (lo scopo di determinare il valore medio per litotipo);
- il contenuto d'acqua residuo;
- il contenuto d'acqua a saturazione;
- l'angolo di attrito e la coesione.
- I fori prodotti dai carotaggi andranno, ove possibile, attrezzati con misuratori di falda (piezometri), possibilmente automatici, con lo scopo di stimare l'andamento della falda stessa all'interno del bacino. Ove non fosse possibile automatizzare il piezometro, richiesta una frequenza di lettura almeno settimanale (giornaliera nei periodi di eventi meteorici intensi).
- A coadiuvare le indagini sopra descritte, si dovranno prevedere anche indagini geomeccaniche, geosismiche e geoelettriche, volte a determinare nelle sezioni in esame la composizione dei substrati nel terreno. Molto importante in questo caso anche la determinazione del substrato roccioso (bedrock). La scelta della metodologia di indagine subordinata alla morfologia del terreno ed ancora alla raggiungibilità del sito prescelto. Si deve comunque cercare di delineare il più esaurientemente possibile la conformazione degli strati su tutto il bacino
- Scabrezza del suolo (in termini di altezza media degli edifici e della vegetazione); importante per la trattazione della turbolenza negli scambi energetici del modello idrologico.
- Carotaggi distribuiti all'interno del bacino in funzione della morfologia e della composizione stessa del terreno. L'individuazione dei siti adatti alle indagini andrà effettuata tenendo in considerazione anche e soprattutto la raggiungibilità del sito e l'effettiva necessità del dato. Dai carotaggi si dovranno produrre, a seguito di analisi in laboratorio:
- Informazioni sulla vegetazione: tipologia, densità, altezza.
The GEOtop.inpts file
All the inputs for running the geotop model are stored in the GEOtop.inpts file, which contents is shown here belove:
/** FILE WITH I/0 FILES NAMES AND PROGRAM CONTROLS PARAMETERS */
index{2}
/** 1 block - I/O files (Write the name of all the files, also of the optional input files which are not used)
0 PRIMARY INPUT FILE ELEVATIONS MAP
1 PRIMARY INPUT FILE DATA RAIN
2 PRIMARY INPUT FILE DATA METEO
3 PRIMARY INPUT FILE OF ALL SIMULATION PARAMETERS
4 PRIMARY INPUT FILE LAND USE MAP
5 PRIMARY INPUT FILE SOIL TYPE MAP
6 DERIVED INPUT FILE WITH THE LAPLACIAN OF ELEVATION (0 CONCAVE ZONES, 1 CONVEX ZONES)
7 DERIVED INPUT FILE WITH SKY VIEW FACTOR
8 DERIVED INPUT FILE OF ELEVATION WITHOUT PIT
9 DERIVED INPUT FILE WITH THE SLOPE OF ALL THE PIXELS
10 DERIVED INPUT FILE WITH THE THICKNESS OF HYDROLOGICAL ACTIVE SOIL [mm]
11 DERIVED INPUT FILE WITH THE DRAINAGE DIRECTIONS OF ALL THE PIXELS
12 DERIVED INPUT FILE WITH THE CHANNELS NETWORK
13 DERIVED INPUT FILE WITH THE GRADIENT OF ELEVATION ALONG DRAINAGE DIRECTIONS
14 DERIVED INPUT FILE WITH THE ASPECTS
15 DERIVED INPUT FILE WITH THE EFFETIVE AREA OF THE PIXELS CONSIDERING THE SLOPE
16 DERIVED INPUT FILE WITH THE DISTANCES (ALONG THE NETWORK) OF ALL THE CHANNEL PIXELS FROM OUTLET
17 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH THE CONTRIBUENTING AREA (IN NUMBER OF PIXELS)
18 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH THE MEAN HEIGHT OF SNOW OF ALL THE PIXELS
19 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH THE MEAN WATER CONTENT OVER THE WATER TABLE FOR EACH PIXEL
20 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH THE CLOUD COVER
21 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH THE HYDROGRAPH OF ALL THE EVENTUAL PUMPS IN THE BASIN
22 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH LATERAL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FOR EACH PIXEL
23 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH alpha VAN GENUCHTEN PARAMETER FOR EACH PIXEL
24 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH n VAN GENUCHTEN PARAMETER FOR EACH PIXEL
25 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH m VAN GENUCHTEN PARAMETER FOR EACH PIXEL
26 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH RESIDUAL WATER CONTENT VALUE OF ALL THE PIXELS
27 OPTIONAL INPUT FILE WITH SATURATED WATER CONTENT VALUE OF ALL THE PIXELS
28 PRIMARY OUTPUT FILE WITH ALL THE OUTPUT FLOW FROM THE BASIN
29 PRIMARY OUTPUT FILE WITH SOIL MOISTURE PROFILE IN THE CONTROL PIXEL OF THE BASIN
30 PREFIX OF THE PRIMARY OUTPUT FILES WITH THE SOIL SURFACE MOISTURE OF ALL THE PIXEL EVERY nDt_output_basin Dt
31 PRIMARY OUTPUT FILE WITH ENERGY AND WATER QUANTITIES OF THE CONTROL PIXEL EVERY nDt_output_pixel Dt
32 PRIMARY OUTPUT FILE WITH ENERGY AND WATER MEAN QUANTITIES OF THE BASIN EVERY nDt_output_basin Dt
33 PREFIX OF THE PRIMARY OUTPUT FILES WITH WATER EQUIVALENT SNOW HEIGHT
34 PRIMARY OUTPUT FILE WITH EVENTUAL ERRORS
35 PRIMARY OUTPUT FILE WITH SOIL TEMPERATURE PROFILE IN THE CONTROL PIXEL OF THE BASIN
36 PREFIX OF THE PRIMARY OUTPUT FILES WITH THE SOIL TEMPERATURE OF ALL THE PIXEL EVERY nDt_output_basin Dt
37 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE SATURATION IN HYDROLOGICAL ACTIVE SOIL THICKNESS FOR EACH PIXEL
38 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE HEIGHT OF WATER OVER THE SOIL FOR EACH PIXEL
39 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH ALBEDO CONSIDERING THE SNOW FOR EACH PIXEL
40 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE NET RADIATION
41 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE SOIL HEAT FLUX
42 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX
43 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE LATENT HEAT FLUX
44 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE ENERGY STORAGE
45 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE SOIL TEMPERATURE
46 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE TOTAL PRECIPITATION
47 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE INTERCEPTATION
48 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE SUCTION POTENTIAL OF ALL THE PIXEL EVERY nDt_output_basin Dt
49 PREFIX OF THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES WITH THE SUCTION POTENTIAL PROFILE IN THE CONTROL PIXEL OF THE BASIN
50 OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILE WITH THE SPECIFIC ENERGY OF CONTROL PIXEL*/
1: string array io files
{
00pi_DTM.txt,
01pi_RAIN.txt,
02pi_METEO.txt,
03pi_PARAMETERS.txt,
04oi_LAND_USE.txt,
05oi_SOIL_TYPE.txt,
06di_laplacian.txt,
07di_sky.txt,
08oi_dem_no_pit.txt,
09di_slope.txt,
10di_hs.txt,
11di_drainage_directions.txt,
12di_channel_network.txt,
13di_gradient.txt,
14di_aspect.txt,
15di_area.txt,
16di_pixels_distance.txt,
17oi_contributing_area.txt,
18oi_h_snow0.txt,
19oi_water_content0,
20oi_cloud_cover.txt,
21oi_pumps_flow.txt,
22oi_conductivity.txt,
23oi_alfa.txt,
24oi_n.txt,
25oi_m.txt,
26oi_theta_r.txt,
27oi_theta_sat.txt,
po01_flows.txt,
po02_THETAz.txt,
po03_THETAxy,
po04_time_series_in_a_point.txt,
po05_time_series_in_the_basin.txt,
po06_snow,
po07_errors.txt,
po08_Tz.txt,
po09_Txy,
so10_saturation,
so11_h_sup,
so12_albedo_snow,
so13_Rn,
so14_G,
so15_H,
so16_ET,
so17_DE_Dt,
so18_Ts,
so19_PR,
so20_Wr,
so21_PSIxy,
so22_pixel_PSIz.txt,
so23_specific_energyz.txt
}
/** 2 block - CONTROL PROGRAM PARAMETERS
120 Dt THE INTEGRATION INTERVAL [s] (range 1-300)
30 d_start THE DAY OF BEGIN SIMULATION (WITH RESPECT TO THE METEO DATA) (range 1-364)
40 TH THE NUMBER OF DAYS OF SIMULATION (range 1-365)
0 state_teta 0 FOR INITIAL MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO THE TOPOGRAPHIC INDEX, 1 FOR A MOISTURE FILE,
2 FOR UNIFORM VALUE, 3 UNIFORM VALUE OF SUCTION POTENTIAL, +4 IF YOU WANT A DISTRIBUTION
OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ACCORDING TO THE TOPOGRAPHIC INDEX (AS IN TOPMODEL), 8 FOR MANY FILES WITH
THE WATER CONTENT OF EACH LAYERS (KNOWN INITIAL CONDITION)
1 state_rad 0 IF YOU DO NOT HAVE MISURE OF RADIATION, 1 OTHERWISE
0 state_diff 0 IF YOU DO NOT HAVE MISURE OF DIFFUSE RADIATION, 1 OTHERWISE
0 state_cloud 0 IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A FILE WITH CLOUD COVER SYNOP OBSERVATIONS, 1 OTHERWISE
0 dmip_flag ENTER 0 IF YOU HAVE STANDARD FORMAT FOR INPUT METEOROLOGICAL DATA
0 STANDARD FORMAT 1)MM 2)GG 3)HH 4)AAAA 5)V(m/s) 6)Ur% 7)Pa(hPa) 8)Ta(C) 9)Rsw(W/mq) 10) NO Rdiff(W/mq) 11) NO Rad_net(W/mq)
1 IF YOU HAVE METEO DATA IN THE DMIP FORMAT AS FOLLOW:
1 DMIP FORMAT 1)MM 2)GG 3)HH 4)AAAA 5)v(m/s) 6)Pv(hPa) 7)Pa(hPa) 8)Ta(C) 9)Rsw(W/m²) 10)Rlw(W/m²)11)rho_a(kg/m³)
2 IF YOU HAVE METEO DATA IN THE PILPS FORMAT AS FOLLOW:
2 PILPS FORMAT 1)MM 2)GG 3)HH 4)AAAA 5)v(m/s) 6)Qs(Kgv/Kga) 7)Pa(hPa) 8)Ta(C) 9)Rsw(W/m²) 10)Rlw(W/m²) 11)Rad_net(W/mq)
1 state_pixel 1 IF YOU WANT DISPLAY OUTPUT FOR A SPECIFIED PIXEL, 0 OTHERWISE
5 r_contr THE ROW NUMBER OF THIS PIXEL (only if state_pixel==1)
31 c_contr THE COLUMN NUMBER OF THIS PIXEL (only if state_pixel==1)
24 l_contr THE COLUMN NUMBER OF THIS PIXEL (only if state_pixel==1)
1 state_nopit 0 IF YOU WANT RUN THE PIT PROGRAM, 1 OTHERWISE IF YOU ALREADY HAVE THE 08oi_dem_no_pit.txt FILE
0 state_snow 0 IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A FILE WITH SNOW HIGTH, 1 OTHERWISE
1 state_K 0 FOR COSTANT (HORIZONTAL) CONDUCIBILITY, 1 FOR SURFACE VALUES
0 state_K_z 0 FOR A CONDUCIBILITY EXPONENTIAL DECREASING WITH DEPTH (f_perm), 1 FOR CONDUCIBILITY VARIATION ACCORDING TO MATRIX soil_z IN PARAMETERS FILE
0 state_soil 0 TO ASSIGN DIRECTLY THE VAN GENUCHTEN PARAMETERS, 1 TO ASSIGN SOIL PROPERTIES AS TEXTURE, BULK DENSITY AND ORGANIC CARBON
1 state_alpha 0 FOR COSTANT alpha (VAN GENUCHTEN), 1 FOR A MATRIX OF VALUES
1 state_n 0 FOR COSTANT n (VAN GENUCHTEN), 1 FOR A MATRIX OF VALUES
0 state_m 0 FOR COSTANT m (VAN GENUCHTEN), 1 FOR A MATRIX OF VALUES
1 state_teta_r 0 FOR COSTANT teta_r (RESIDUAL WATER CONTENT), 1 FOR A MATRIX OF VALUES
1 state_teta_sat 0 FOR COSTANT TETA_SAT (SATURATED WATER CONTENT), 1 FOR A MATRIX OF VALUES
0 state_pumps 0 IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A FILE WITH PUMPS’ FLOWS, 1 OTHERWISE
720 nDt_output_basin NUMBER OF Dt AFTER WHICH THE OUTPUT MATRICES OF THE BASIN ARE PRINTED
30 nDt_output_pixel NUMBER OF Dt AFTER WHICH THE OUTPUT FOR A SPECIFIED PIXEL ARE PRINTED
0.0001 err_l THE RELATIVE ERROR FOR THE CRANK NICOLSON METHOD (range max 0.0-1.0)
20 l_max THE MAXIMUM NUBER OF ITERATION FOR THE CRANK NICOLSON METHOD (range 5-20)
0 print 1 IF YOU WANT TO PRINT MATRICES WITH INTERMEDIATE RESULTS, 0 OTHERWISE
1 state_output 1 IF YOU WANT TO PRINT THE OPTIONAL OUTPUT FILES, 0 OTHERWISE
1 state_botton 1 if you want as bondary condition at the botton of the deepest layer a fixed gradient of suction potenzial, 0 for a fixed value of suction potenzial
Dt, d_start, TH, state_teta, state_rad, state_diff, state_cloud, dmip_flag, state_pixel, r_contr, c_contr, l_contr, state_nopit, state_snow, state_K, state_K_z, state_soil, state_alpha, state_n, state_m, state_teta_r, state_teta_sat, state_pumps, nDt_output_basin, nDt_output_pixel, err_l, l_max, print, state_output, state_botton */
2: double array parameters {
120, 157, 58, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 23, 18, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 720, 30, 0.005, 20, 1, 1, 1
}